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select rownum-1 'CLASS2' lpad(rownum-1,10,'0') from all_objects where rownum <= 25 ; update type2 set description = lpad(rownum-1,10,'0') ; We now have 45 rows in the reference table, and 45 distinct descriptions but we now have 25 different ID values and two different type values From a human perspective, we can identify exactly the 20 rows that belong to the join type and understand what is going on, but the optimizer simply does the arithmetic Repeat the query (changing the name of the reference table) and the execution plan looks like this: Execution Plan (9206 autotrace) ---------------------------------------------------------0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=287 Card=25 Bytes=975) 1 0 HASH JOIN (Cost=287 Card=25 Bytes=975) 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'TYPE2' (Cost=2 Card=1 Bytes=20) 3 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T1' (Cost=284 Card=1001 Bytes=19019) The cardinality is wrong but not quite as wrong as I was expecting it to be.

Conference calling is very helpful to get people together and share ideas, or when you need to get two people on the phone so they can transfer information directly to each other. Take a recent scenario from one of the authors (Martin), where conferencing together two parties was a faster (and safer) way to transfer needed information. Martin was trying to lease a car. The car dealer left a voice mail for Martin to call the insurance company to approve the proof of insurance being faxed to the dealer. Martin called the insurance company, surprised that they did not have the dealer s fax number. Instead of hanging up and calling the dealer to get the fax number and then calling the insurance company back, Martin did a quick conference call between the dealer and insurance company. The conference call allowed the dealer s fax number to be immediately relayed to the insurance company along with any special instructions and approvals. Setting Up a Conference Call 1. 2. Place a call as you normally would. While on the call, press the Green Phone key (Figure 11-3).

In principle, the join selectivity should have changed from 1/20 to 1/25 dictated by the unfortunate truth that the type we are not interested in has more distinct values for the ID than the type we are interested in Moreover, the filtering on the type2 table has changed from 1/20 to (1/2 * 1/45 = 1/90).

(or if this does not show you a New Call screen, then press the Menu key and select New Call) and either choose a contact from your contact list or type a phone number and place the call. 3. While on the second call, press the Menu key, scroll to Join Conference, and click.

Now suppose we have a constant value that cannot be computed at compile time. Instead of marking it literal, we use initonly. A field declared initonly can be modified only in the constructor (or static constructor). This makes it useful in situations where using const would prevent the initialization code from compiling (see Listing 6-8). Listing 6-8. Using an initonly Field // initonly.cpp using namespace System; ref class R { initonly String^ name; public: R(String^ first, String^ last) { name = first + last; }

So we hope to see the following appearing in the formulae: Join Selectivity = 1 / greater(25, 20) = 1/25 Join Cardinality = 1/25 * (45/90 * (500,000 * 1001/500000)) = 20 It s not right but it s easy to see where the wrong numbers have come from, the optimizer should have used 1/25 for the selectivity but in fact it seems to have used 1/20 and we can check this very precisely by examining the 10053 trace: in this example the optimizer really has used the smaller num_distinct to calculate the join selectivity I don t yet know what the rules are that made it take that choice, but look at the exact value of the sel entry in the join cardinality lines that I ve extracted from the 10053 trace files from all three versions of Oracle.

If you add more than two callers to the conference call, just repeat the process starting with another New Call (press the Green Phone key). 1. 2. Join the calls as you did previously. Repeat as needed. To speak with only one of the callers on a conference call, press the Menu key while on the conference call, and select Split Call. You will then be able to speak privately with that one caller (Figure 11-4).

The optimizer has used 1/20, not 1/25, which produces a final cardinality (in 9i and 10g) of 25 10g Join Card: 2503 = outer (050) * inner (100100) * sel (50000e-002) 9i Join cardinality: 25 = outer (1) * inner (1001) * sel (50000e-002) [flag=0] 8i Join cardinality: 50 = outer (1) * inner (1002) * sel (50000e-002) [flag=0] id, type, description.